Mukhyud Dalwa: The Cosmic Ocean of Tagzig Olmo Lung Ring

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"The dimensions attributed to Mount Meru, all the references to it being as a part of the Cosmic Ocean...."..Graham P. Chapman - Social Science; The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus, p 15.

Gyatso or Gyamco (Tibetan: རྒྱ་མཚོ, Wylie: rgya mtsho, ZYPY: Gyamco) is a Tibetan personal name meaning "ocean"..... it can also be spelled "Gyamtso" in English...persons whose names include "Gyatso" include:Each Dalai Lama, other than the 1st, has had Gyatso as the second word of his personal name; for instance, the current Dalai Lama is named Tenzin Gyatso....Chödrak Gyatso, the 7th Karmapa....Chögyam Trungpa (Chögyam is short for Chögyi Gyamtso)

"The word which the Buddha uses to describe the rain is ekarasa (eka meaning 'one', and rasa meaning 'taste', 'juice', or 'essence'). This same word is used in a similar connection in another parable, one which occurs in the Pali scriptures: the parable of the great ocean. The Buddha says that wherever you go in the great ocean, you can scoop a handful of water and it will have the same taste.....Samarasa (Sanskrit Devanagari: समरास; IAST: samarāsa; synonymous with IAST: ekarāsa; Tibetan: རོ་གཅིག, Wylie: ro gcig; Tibetan: རོ་མཉམ, Wylie: ro mnyam) is literally "one-taste" "one-flavour" or "same-taste" and means equipoise in feelings, non-discriminating or the mind at rest."....http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarasa

"The Abzu (Cuneiform: 𒍪 𒀊, ZU.AB; Sumerian: abzu; Akkadian: apsû) also called engur, (Cuneiform:𒇉, LAGAB×HAL; Sumerian: engur; Akkadian: engurru) literally, ab='ocean' zu='to know' or 'deep' ..... given a religious quality in Sumerian and Akkadian mythology.... In the city Eridu, Enki's temple was known as E2-abzu (house of the cosmic waters) and was located at the edge of an abzu.....The Sumerian god Enki (Ea in the Akkadian language) was believed to have lived in the abzu since before human beings were created. His wife Damgalnuna, his mother Nammu, his advisor Isimud and a variety of subservient creatures, such as the gatekeeper Lahmu, also lived in the abzu.....The Enuma Elish begins: 'When above the heavens did not yet exist nor the earth below, Apsu the freshwater ocean was there'....http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abzu

Oceanus (/oʊˈsiːənəs/; Ancient Greek: Ὠκεανός (Ōkeanós)) was a pseudo-geographical feature in classical antiquity, believed by the ancient Greeks and Romans to be the divine personification of the World Ocean, an enormous river encircling the world.....

"Tagzig Olmo Lung Ring.....The entire land is in turn surrounded by an ocean called Mukhyud Dalwa (mu-khyud bdal-ba'i rgya-mtsho), "the wide-spreading enclosing ocean"......http://www.surajamrita.com/bon/Shambala.html

Dharmadhatu (Sanskrit) is the 'dimension', 'realm' or 'sphere' (dhatu) of Dharma and denotes the collective 'one-taste' (Sanskrit: ekarasa) dimension of Dharmata.....http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmadhatu

"The Profound Treasury of the Ocean of Dharma represents Chögyam Trungpa's greatest contribution to Western Buddhism. This three-volume collection presents in lively, relevant language the comprehensive teachings of the Tibetan Buddhist path of the hinayana, mahayana, and vajrayana."....http://www.shambhalamedia.org/ProductDetails.asp?ProductCode=BVX218

"Proto-Indo-European languages share a base that means "king" (*reg-, literally "straightener"; cf. English regal) suggests the Indo-Europeans had or knew about "kings" of some sort. They probably also had cows (*gwous), as well as sheep, pigs, and dogs. They lived in villages (*weik-, cf. English vicinity), knew about silver and copper, had ships (*nau-, cf. nautical) as well as bows and arrows and rode horses (*ekwo-, from which we get equestrian)...... common words for other things do not show up in Indo-European daughter languages suggests the Indo-Europeans did not know about or have contact with these things. Among them are "ocean," "bronze," and "gold." ....With no common word for "ocean," it seem unlikely the Indo-Europeans were originally a coastal people. No shared word for "vine" makes a Mediterranean origin improbable, too. But even with such compelling and specific linguistic data, scholars still cannot agree as to the exact whereabouts of the aboriginal Indo-Europeans.".....http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/1320Hist&Civ/chapters/07IE.htm

"The River Okeanos flowed in a circle around the entire earth. From its stream all the Rivers and Clouds drew their waters. The underworld Styx, and the river Eridanos of Hyperborea, and Nile of Aithiopia drew their waters directly from the stream.....Homer, Iliad 18. 399 ff (trans. Lattimore) (Greek epic C8th B.C.) : "Okeanos, whose stream bends back in a circle."..http://www.theoi.com/Kosmos/Okeanos.html......

"Hesiod, Theogony 337 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) : "Tethys bore to Okeanos the swirling Potamoi (Rivers) . . . She [Tethys] brought forth also a race apart of daughters, who with lord Apollon and the Rivers have the young in their keeping all over the earth . . . there are three thousand light-stepping daughters of Okeanos scattered far and wide, bright children among the goddesses, and all alike look after the earth and the depths of the standing water." [N.B. The River Okeanos is the source ("father") of the Rivers and Springs.]........http://www.theoi.com/Kosmos/Okeanos.html

"Herodotus, Histories 4. 8. 1 :"As for Okeanos, the Greeks say that it flows around the whole world from where the sun rises....

Shield of Achilles.....Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 5. 14 ff :"[Depicted on the shield of Akhilleus :] Here [on the shield of Akhilleus] Tethys' all-embracing arms were wrought, and Okeanos' fathomless flow. The outrushing flood of Rivers crying to the echoing hills all round, to right, to left, rolled o'er the land."

The Demoness of Tibet .....Tibet; late 19th - early 20th century; pigments on cloth...At the time of King Songtsen Gampo Tibet was believed to be a supine Demoness prone to sudden and violent movement and unwelcoming to Buddhism. Songtsen Gampo with the help of his Chinese bride mapped the form of the demoness and then constructed temples at all of the key locations above the principal organs and joints. (See Re-Assessing the Supine Demoness: Royal Buddhist Geomancy in the Srong btsan sgam po Mythology. Martin A. Mills, University of Aberdeen. JIATS, no. 3 (December 2007)

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John Hopkins.....Northern New Mexico….August 2013

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The Rivers & Mountains of Sumeru

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"..the four great rivers that flow from Mount Meru....Cosmology in existing Hindu texts... as being surrounded by Mandrachal Mountain to the east, Supasarv Mountain to the west, Kumuda Mountain to the north and Kailash to the south.

Tirich Mir (Urdu: ترچ میر‎) (alternatively Terich Mir, Terichmir and Turch Mir) is the highest mountain of the Hindu Kush range, and the highest mountain in the world outside of the Himalayas-Karakoram range, located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, near the Afghanistan–Pakistan border.

"The dimensions attributed to Mount Meru, all the references to it being as a part of the Cosmic Ocean, along with several statements like that the Sun along with all the planets (including Earth itself) circumbulate the mountain, make determining its location most difficult, according to most scholars. However, a small handful number of western scholars have tried quite hard to identify Mount Meru or Sumeru with the Pamirs, north-east of Kashmir."..Graham P. Chapman - Social Science; The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus, p 15.

Kumuda is also a Puranic name of a mountain forming the northern buttress of Mount Meru, also known as Sumeru (Pamirs). It extended between headwaters of Oxus and Jaxartes.

From the lakes of that plateau issue four great rivers: the Indus, the Jaxartes, the Oxus, and Tarim.

The Tarim River (Mandarin Tǎlǐmù Hé, 塔里木河; Uyghur: تارىم دەرياسى) is the principal river of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China. It gives its name to the great Tarim Basin between the Tian Shan and Kunlun Mountains systems (the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau) of Central Asia.....It is the longest inland river in China & home to nearly 10 million Uyghur and other ethnic minorities....The name Tarim is applied to the river formed by the union of the Aksu River, flowing from the north, and Yarkand River, coming from the southwest, near the Aral City in western Xinjiang.

The Jaxartes River......The Syr Darya[pronunciation?] (Persian: سيردريا‎; Tajik: Сирдарё; Kazakh: Сырдария ; Arabic: سيحون‎; Uzbek: Sirdaryo), also transliterated Syrdarya or Sirdaryo, is a river in Central Asia, sometimes known as the Jaxartes or Yaxartes from its Ancient Greek name Ἰαξάρτης. The Greek name is derived from Old Persian, Yakhsha Arta ("Great Pearly"), a reference to the color of the river's water. In medieval Arabic writings, the river is uniformly known as Sayhoun (سيحون) - and is considered one of the four rivers whose common source lies in Paradise....The river rises in two headstreams in the Tian Shan Mountains in Kyrgyzstan and eastern Uzbekistan—the Naryn River and the Kara Darya—...Gaxares

The Oxus River.....Amu Darya/Jayhoun...The Amu Darya (Persian: آمودریا‎, Āmūdaryā; Arabic: جيحون‎, Jihôn or Jayhūn'; Hebrew: גּוֹזָן‎, Gozan, Uzbek, Amudaryo, Ancient Greek: Ὦξος, Oxos; Latin: Oxus; Tajik: Амударё; Turkmen: 'Amyderýa'), also called Amu River (Pashto: د آمو سيند‎, da Āmú Sínd; Chinese: 阿姆河; pinyin: Āmǔ hé), is a major river in Central Asia. It is formed by the junction of the Vakhsh and Panj rivers. In ancient times, the river was regarded as the boundary between Ariana and Turan.....Amu Darya is a river sourced by a powerful glacier-fed stream high in the Pamir Knot at the eastern end of Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor..."Hara (Bokhara) and to the river of Gozan (that is to say, the Amu, (called by Europeans the Oxus)...."the Gozan River is the River Balkh, i.e. the Oxus or the Amu Darya.."... and were brought into Halah (modern day Balkh), and Habor (which is Pesh Habor or Peshawar), and Hara (which is Herat), and to the river Gozan (which is the Ammoo, also called Jehoon)..."....Since the end of the 19th century there have been four different claimants as the true source of the Oxus: 1: the Pamir River, which emerges from Lake Zorkul (once also known as Lake Victoria) in the Pamir Mountains (ancient Mount Imeon), and flows west to Qila-e Panja, where it joins the Wakhan River to form the Panj River. 2: the Sarhad or Little Pamir River flowing down the Little Pamir in the High Wakhan 3: Lake Chamaktin, which discharges to the east into the Aksu River, which in turn becomes the Murghab and then Bartang rivers, and which eventually joins the Panj Oxus branch 350 kilometres downstream at Roshan Vomar in Tajikistan. 4: an ice cave at the end of the Wakhjir valley, in the Wakhan Corridor, in the Pamir Mountains, near the border with Pakistan.

The Indus River.....The Indus River is a major river in Asia which flows through Pakistan. It also has courses through western Tibet and northern India. Originating in the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Mansarovar, the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, towards Gilgit and Baltistan and then flows in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh....The Indus forms the delta of Pakistan and India mentioned in the Vedic Rigveda as Sapta Sindhu and the Iranian Zend Avesta as Hapta Hindu (both terms meaning "seven rivers"). The river has been a source of wonder since the Classical Period, with King Darius of Persia sending Scylax of Caryanda to explore the river as early as 510 BC.....In Urdu, the official language of Pakistan, the Indus is known as درياۓ سِندھ (Daryā-e Sindh). In other languages of the region, the river is known as सिन्धु नदी (Sindhu Nadī) in Hindi, سنڌو (Sindhu) in Sindhi, سندھ (Sindh) in Punjabi, સિંધુ નદી (Sindhu) in Gujarati; اباسين (Abāsin, lit. "Father of Rivers") in Pashto, رود سند (Rūd-e Sind) in Persian, نهر السند (Naḥar al-Sind) in Arabic, སེང་གེ།་གཙང་པོ (Sênggê Zangbo, lit. "Lion River") in Tibetan, and Nilab in Turki.

The Helmand River (also spelled Helmend, Helmund, Hirmand; Pashto/Persian: هیرمند, هلمند Hīrmand, Helmand, Greek: Ἐτύμανδρος (Etýmandros), Latin: Erymandrus) is the longest river in Afghanistan and the primary watershed for the endorheic Sistan Basin....The name comes from Avestan Haētumant, literally "dammed, having a dam", cognate with Sanskrit Setumanta "having a dam", which referred to the Helmand River and the irrigated areas around it.The name was borrowed into Greek and Latin as a compound with Eastern Iranian *raha (cf. Scythian Rha "Volga"), "river". Helmand Province is named after the river.......The Helmand River stretches for 1,150 km (710 mi). It rises in the Hindu Kush mountains, about 80 km (50 mi) west of Kabul

The Jambu River......"The ruling king of Shambhala sits on a throne made of gold from the Jamba River."....http://www.shambhala.mn/Shambhala-Thangka/shambhala-thangka.html....."the Devas always worship and chant the names of the Devī, the Remover of all obstacles. She is installed on both the banks of the Jambū river. If men recite Her names Kokilākṣī, Karuṇā, Kāmapūjītā, Kaṭhoravigrahā, Devapūjyā, Dhanyā, Gavastinī and worship, so they get their welfare both in this world and in the next. With the juice of the Jambū fruit aided by the combination of the wind and the rays of the Sun, is created the gold. Out of this are made the ornaments for the wives of the Immortals and the Vidyādharas. This gold, created by the Daiva, is known by the name of the Jāmbūnada gold.".....http://wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/śrīmad-devī-bhāgavatam/d/doc57294.html

"Mount Imeon area with the ancient Bulgar lands according to Acad. Suren T. Eremian’s reconstruction of the original ‘Ashharatsuyts’ map of Central Asia......(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Imeon)....Mount Imeon is an ancient name for the Central Asian complex of mountain ranges comprising the present Hindu Kush, Pamir and Tian Shan.....

four great rivers issue, the Indus, the Helmend, the Oxus, and the Gaxares,

The main branch of the Amu Daria or Oxus forms an outlet to Lake Victoria, several others of its tributaries flowing also from the plateau, as seen on our map. The Oxus is still called by the natives the Gihun. Both the Chitral and the Gilgit branches of the Indus. have their origin close to Lake Victoria on the southern side of the Pamirs, and so also has the Yarkand River, which together with the Kashgar forms the Tarim River.....the Oxus is known as the river Jayhoun (جيحون) which is derived from Gihon, the biblical name for one of the four rivers of the Garden of Eden.

"Mount Imeon was famous for its lapis lazuli deposits in western Badakhshan, indicated on Shirakatsi’s map. The mines at Sar-e-Sang have been producing lapis lazuli for millennia now, supplying the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, and Rome, and still yielding the world’s finest lapis. The Venetian adventurer Marco Polo visited the mines in 1271 during his famous journey to China, following the Silk Road to cross the mountains by way of Wakhan."....The Travels of Marco Polo, by Henry Yule (1903), and Henry Cordier (1920).

"Renan tells us, quoted by Buchanan, pp. 123-124:.....“Thus everything invites us to place the Garden of Eden in the mountains of Belurtag, at the point where this chain unites with the Himalaya, toward the Plateau of Pamir... We are conducted to the same point, according to Brunoff, by the most ancient and authentic texts of the Zend-Avesta. The Hindu traditions also contained in the Mahabbarata and the Puranas, converge to the same region. There is the true Meru (Ararat) (of the Hindus), the true Albordj (of the Persians), the true river Arvanda, from which all rivers take their source, according to Persian tradition. There, according to the opinions of almost all the populations of Asia, is the central point of the world, the umbilici, the gate of the universe. There is the Uttarakura; ‘the country of happiness,’ of which Magesthanes writes. There is, finally the point of common attachment of the primitive geography, both of the Semitic and the Indo-European races.”

"Within the territory of Olmo Lung-ring..... there are eight great rivers in different directions and in the valleys along these rivers the peoples speak different languages and dialects. Whereas the language in the inner lands is that of the Swastika Gods, here in the twelve middle lands the people mainly speak and write the eight transformed languages (bsgyur-ba'i skad), each of which is associated with one of the eight great rivers as follows: 1. "gTsang-ma lha skad" along the Na-ra-dza-ra river in the east, 2. "Dag-pa lha skad" along the Pakshu river in the the north, 3. "Samskri lha skad" (i.e., Sanskrit) along the Ma-shang river in the west, 4. "Khri-wer lha skad" along the Sindhu river in the south, 5. "Hor ci 'phrul skad" along the Ganga river in the south east, 6. "sPos ci 'phrul skad" along the Sita river in the southwest, 7. "Ci gung 'phrul skad" along the Seng-ga river in the northwest, and 8. "Cung tshe 'phrul skad" along the Serdan (gser-ldan) river in the northeast. .....http://www.surajamrita.com/bon/Shambala.html

"Tagzig Olmo Lung Ring....four rivers flow from simulacra of archetypal thoughtforms: from the simulacrum of a snowlion the river Narazara flows from the East; from the simulacrum of a horse the river Pakshi flows from the North; from the simulacrum of a peacock the river Gyim Shang flows from the West; and from the simulacrum of an elephant the river Sindhu flows from the South.".....http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagzig_Olmo_Lung_Ring

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John Hopkins.....Northern New Mexico….August 2013

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Sumerian Dilmun, Gomar, Gilgamesh & the Pamir Garden of Eden

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Sumerian mythology had a parallel to the Eden garden in Dilmun, the dwelling-place of the immortals where sickness and death were unknown....Gilgamesh had to pass through Mount Mashu to reach Dilmun in the Epic of Gilgamesh.... Mount Mashu was one of two ("twin") mountains that held up the sky at the eastern and western extremities of the world. The Sumerian versions of the Gilgamesh epic demonstrate that the earlier versions of the myth sited the Cedar Mountain to the east, in the direction of the rising of Utu, the Sumerian sun god....Dilmun, sometimes described as "the place where the sun rises" and "the Land of the Living", is the scene of some versions of the Sumerian creation myth, and the place where the deified Sumerian hero of the flood, Utnapishtim (Ziusudra), was taken by the gods to live forever. Thorkild Jacobsen's translation of the Eridu Genesis calls it "Mount Dilmun" which he locates as a "faraway, half-mythical place"....http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilmun

"1000-550 BC - Bactrian Kingdom.....Nothing is more evocative of the history of ancient Afghanistan as the name of Balkh as it is linked to the epic of the Aryan people. One thinks of the land of Hystaspa, Yama, and Zoroastre. What is certain is that by the third millennium B.C. the so called Bactrian civilization places itself between the septentrional cultures of Central Asia, Ouzbek, and Tadjik, and the ones from the Indus valley to the South and Iran to the West.....This country was traditionally said to have first been peopled by the descendants of Gomar, the grandson of Noah, and for some time, they were called Chomarians, and their metropolis Chomara, appellations derived, with very little corruption, from the name of that patriarch. Afterwards Bactria became the capital of the kingdom; and, according to Q. Curtius, both the kingdom and its capital were denominated from the river Bactrus, which fertilized the fields through which it rolled, and washed the walls of that famous and almost impregnable city. But the name of the river upon which Bactria was built, according to Pliny, was Zariaspa, and, according to Ptolemy, Dargidus......It will not, however, be impossible to reconcile the accounts of Curtius and Pliny, if what the latter affirms be allowed, that the ancient name of Bactria was Zariaspe, which is also affirmed by Strabo. In the same manner the river, upon which the city was built, may have also changed its name, or borne different names in different countries. Ptolemy's account, however, is inconsistent with both; for he places the city in the interior of the kingdom, while they assert, that it was situated at the foot of the Paropamisus, the southern boundary of the country. Bactria, in latter ages, was called Balk, a name which it bears at the present day."....http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/afghanistan/history-bactria.htm

"Some scholars maintain that the Sumerians may have originated from the mountainous regions of southwestern Iran, since their epic poems refer several times to western part of Iran as their original homeland. Samuel Noah Kramer, a renowned expert in Sumerian history says, "There is some reason to believe that their original home had been in the neighborhood of a city called Aratta, which may have been near the Caspian sea: Sumerian epic poets say something of Aratta, and its people were said to speak the Sumerian language". Martha Lamberg Karlovsky, notes the "The kingdom of Elam and its somewhat better-known neighbor, Sumer, were the two earliest urban states to arise in the Mesopotamian area during the fourth millennium B.C. Proto-Elamite inscriptions and early Sumerian ones are the earliest known Mesopotamian writings, which are the oldest known anywhere"."....http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilmun

Charles A. Wiesman, in The Origin Of Race And Civilization, suggests that the Eden of the Bible was located on the Pamir Plateau in central Asia....."The location of the Garden of Eden was the Pamir Plateau which has four rivers flowing out of it as described in Genesis 2:10-14. Pamir, the site of Eden, lies east of Mesopotamia and Persia where ancient tradition (as well as Genesis 2:8) places it's location. East of Eden lies the Tarim Basim, the original homeland of the Adamic race and location of the Great Flood of Genesis Chpt. 7."

The writer Robert Middleton says that Taoist and Buddhist teachings locate paradise in China’s far west, and that early Europeans speculated that the Pamirs were the original Garden of Eden....Tajikistan and the High Pamirs: A Companion and Guide by Robert Middleton, Huw Thomas

"Charles A. Wiesman, in The Origin Of Race And Civilization, suggests that the Eden of the Bible was located on the Pamir Plateau in central Asia: 'The location of the Garden of Eden was the Pamir Plateau which has four rivers flowing out of it as described in Genesis 2:10-14. Pamir, the site of Eden, lies east of Mesopotamia and Persia where ancient tradition (as well as Genesis 2:8) places it's location. East of Eden lies the Tarim Basim, the original homeland of the Adamic race and location of the Great Flood of Genesis Chpt. 7."....There are at least three possible locations for the lost Garden of Eden. On the above map we see two of the three, the Urartian Location and the Sumerian Location. On the below map we show all three locations, the two from above and a third located on the Pamir Plateau in central Asia at roughly 73° x 38° on the Globe." ....http://www.biblestudysite.com/eden.htm

"The main branch of the Amu Daria or Oxus forms an outlet to Lake Victoria, several others of its tributaries flowing also from the plateau, as seen on our map. The Oxus is still called by the natives the Gihun. Both the Chitral and the Gilgit branches of the Indus. have their origin close to Lake Victoria on the southern side of the Pamirs, and so also has the Yarkand River, which together with the Kashgar forms the Tarim River.....the Oxus is known as the river Jayhoun (جيحون) which is derived from Gihon, the biblical name for one of the four rivers of the Garden of Eden.

Click on the map to enlarge

Tse Tsan Tai’s 1914 vision of the Garden of Eden in China; as it appeared in his book The Creation, The Origin of the Chinese, and the Real Situation of Eden....http://brookwilensky-lanford.com/maps/

'... the name "Eden" is possibly from the Akkadian edinnu, derived from a Sumerian word meaning "plain" or "steppe"....."Kush" is thought to be referring to Cossaea, a Greek name for the Kassite lands north of Elam, immediately to the east of ancient Babylon

"“And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and became into fur heads. The name of the first is Pison: that is it which compasses the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold; and the gold of that land is good: there is bdellium and the onyx stone. And the name of the second river is Gihon: the same is that compasseth the whole land of Ethiopia. And the name of the third river is Hiddekel: that is it which goeth toward the east of Assyria. And the fourth river is Euphrates.....Genesis, states that one river went out of Eden and divided into four heads.....Such a location of four rivers starting from one source we find on the Pamir plateau in Central Asia, between the Tian Shan mountains on the north and the Hindu Cush on the south. From the lakes of that plateau issue four great rivers: the Indus, the Jaxartes, the Oxus, and Tarim. The Oxus is still called by the natives the Dgihun or Ghon; the Chitral branch of the Indus answers the description of the Pison; the Jaxartes is the original Euphrates; and the Tarim going toward the east is in all probability the Hiddekel.".....http://israelect.com/reference/WillieMartin/The_Garden_of_Eden.htm

Professor S.H. Buchanan on pages 125 and 126 of his work, The World and the Book, quotes the french Orientalist, M. Renan:....“If we search to determine the country which best satisfies the geography of the first chapters of Genesis, it is necessary to avow that all conducts us to the region of the Imaus, where the most solid inductions place the cradle of the Human Race. There is found, as in the Paradise of Genesis, gold, precious stones, bdellium. This point is that of the world of which one is able to say with the most truth that four of rivers issue from the same source. Four immense currents of water: the Indus, the Helmend, the Oxus, and the Gaxarles, take there their rise, flowing in directions the most opposite. The second chapter of Genesis presents to us a traditional geography which has no connection with the ordinary geography of the Hebrews; but which, on the contrary, offers the most astounding resemblance with the Turanian system. The Pison, which issues from the Garden of Eden, situated in the East, is very probably the high Indus, and the country of Havilah, seems well to be the country of Darada towards Chachmises, celebrated for its riches. The Gihon is the Oxus, and it is without doubt by substitution of more modern names that we find the Tigri and Euphrates at the side of the other rivers indicated. Thus, all invites us to place the Eden of the Semites ate the point of the separation of the waters of Asia at the umbilici of the world, toward which, as with index finger, all the races seem to point as that recognized in their most primitive traditions.”

Sir Gaston Maspero, late director-general of Egyptian antiquities in his Ancient History of the Orient, also identifies the Pamir plateau as the location of the Garden of Eden.....“All have preserved, mixed with the vague legends of their infancy, the memory of a primitive country where their ancestors had lived before their dispersion. This was a high mountain, or better, an immense plateau of a square figure, and so elevated that it seemed as if suspended between the heavens and the earth. From the interior flowed a great river, which soon divided itself into four arms or canals, spreading out over the four surrounding countries. There was the umbilici of the world and the cradle of humanity. The people settled between the Mediterranean and the Tigris located this legendary country in the East. The people of ancient Persia and India conceived it situation in the North. The moderns have succeeded in determining its site more exactly than the ancients had done. They have placed it in the mountains of Belurtag, near the point where the chain unites with the Hamalaya. There in effect, and there only, is found a country that satisfies all the geographic descriptions preserved in the sacred books of Asia. From the Plateau of Pamir, or better, from the mountain mass of which this plateau is the center, four great rivers issue, the Indus, the Helmend, the Oxus, and the Gaxares, which flow in direction the most diverse corresponding sufficiently to the four rivers of tradition.”

"Renan tells us, quoted by Buchanan, pp. 123-124:.....“Thus everything invites us to place the Garden of Eden in the mountains of Belurtag, at the point where this chain unites with the Himalaya, toward the Plateau of Pamir... We are conducted to the same point, according to Brunoff, by the most ancient and authentic texts of the Zend-Avesta. The Hindu traditions also contained in the Mahabbarata and the Puranas, converge to the same region. There is the true Meru (Ararat) (of the Hindus), the true Albordj (of the Persians), the true river Arvanda, from which all rivers take their source, according to Persian tradition. There, according to the opinions of almost all the populations of Asia, is the central point of the world, the umbilici, the gate of the universe. There is the Uttarakura; ‘the country of happiness,’ of which Magesthanes writes. There is, finally the point of common attachment of the primitive geography, both of the Semitic and the Indo-European races.”

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John Hopkins.....Northern New Mexico….August 2013

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Sumerian Tablets & The Kaballah (1800 BC)

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The Sumerian Tablets....."The earliest record of the Sumerian creation myth and flood myth is found on a single fragmentary tablet excavated in Nippur, sometimes called the Eridu Genesis. It is written in the Sumerian language and dated c 1800-1600 BC during the first Babylonian dynasty, where the language of writing and administration was still Sumerian."

"The Kabbalah (for some) is traced back to Sumer and the Eridu Genesis story that was found on the Sumerian Tablets which dates back to 1800 BC. This is the oldest ‘religious text’ known to man. It was translated and published only in 1914 by Arno Poebel.The Patriarch Abraham received the Kabbalah about 1700 BC....Abraham was supposedly initiated into Kabbalistic mysticism by Melchizedek (14th chapter of the Book of Genesis....the king of Salem, and priest of El Elyon ("God most high")."

"The original homeland of the Sumerians is unknown. It is believed that they came from the east ......Sumer (from Akkadian Šumeru; "land of the civilized kings" or "native land" was an ancient civilization and historical region in southern Mesopotamia, modern Iraq, during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age. Although the earliest historical records in the region do not go back much further than ca. 2900 BC, modern historians have asserted that Sumer was first settled between ca. 4500 and 4000 BC by a non-Semitic people who may or may not have spoken the Sumerian language...Sumer was conquered by the Semitic-speaking kings of the Akkadian Empire around 2270 BC, but Sumerian continued as a sacred language..... The Sumerians referred to themselves as ùĝ saĝ gíg-ga, phonetically uŋ saŋ giga, literally meaning "the black-headed people"

Mukpo...."In this text, a man from the Phywa is asking a man from the Dmu to rule the land of the black-headed men...".(SHENRAB’S ANCESTORS AND FAMILY MEMBERS: WHERE DO THEY COME FROM?....Kalsang Norbu Gurung)

"Godin Tepe was a Sumerian settlement first inhabited c. 5000 BCE which comprised a village and a fortress. It became an important stop along the Great Khorasan Road trade route with Balkh to the East"....http://www.ancient.eu.com/Godin_Tepe/

"Where the tablet picks up, the gods An, Enlil, Enki and Ninhursanga create the 'black-headed people' and create comfortable conditions for the animals to live and procreate. Then kingship descends from heaven and the first cities are founded: Eridu, Bad-tibira, Larsa, Sippar, and Shuruppak.....After a missing section in the tablet, we learn that the gods have decided not to save mankind from an impending flood. Zi-ud-sura, the king and gudug priest, learns of this. In the later Akkadian version, Ea, or Enki in Sumerian, the god of the waters, warns the hero (Atra-hasis in this case) and gives him instructions for the ark. This is missing in the Sumerian fragment, but a mention of Enki taking counsel with himself suggests that this is Enki's role in the Sumerian version as well. ....When the tablet resumes it is describing the flood. A terrible storm rocks the huge boat for seven days and seven nights, then Utu (the Sun god) appears and Zi-ud-sura creates an opening in the boat, prostrates himself, and sacrifices oxen and sheep...... After another break the text resumes: the flood is apparently over, the animals disembark and Zi-ud-sura prostrates himself before An (sky-god) and Enlil (chief of the gods), who give him eternal life and take him to dwell in Dilmun for "preserving the animals and the seed of mankind". The remainder of the poem is lost."

Two flood myths with many similarities to the Sumerian story are the Utnapishtim episode in the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Genesis flood narrative found in the Bible. The ancient Greeks have two very similar floods legends they are the Deucalion and The great Flood in Metamorphoses by the Roman poet Ovid.

'The Samarra Plate....c.5000 BC.....The site of Samarra lies about 60 miles north of modern Bhagdad. Although more common in Inian art, the ancient symbol of the Swatiska can be found in ancient Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). Here it gives direcion to the swirling arrangement of fish and birds on this decorated plate.'

Sumer and the Eridu Genesis story that was found on the Sumerian Tablets which dates back to 1800BC.

Click on the image to enlarge

"ANTHROPOCOSM OF THE TREE OF LIFE (KABALLAH): AXIS OF THE WORLD.....anthroposcosmic is defined as of man and nature. This word sound similar to anthropocosmic, which is used in the Kabballah religion. It refers to a cosmic human or true human, when it comes to the tree of life.....The creative process of life begins in the void (ain), or unmanifested consciousness of negative existence, which contains the endlessness of the unknown (ainsoph), which channels limitless light (ainsophaur) through the condensation of the crown (kether) to eventually manifest the physical existence (malcut). Energy descends (divine lightning flash) and ascends [Jacob’s Ladder] the kabballah in a specific path through ten spheres of light, or “brilliances,” (sepherot) (corresponding with the 10 planets of Sumerian cosmology)....When superimposed on the human body, yesod is positioned at the genitals while kether is at the crown."....

" Abraham was a resident of the city of Ur in Mesopotamia....Ur (Sumerian: Urim; Akkadian: Uru; Arabic: أور‎) was an important Sumerian city-state in ancient Mesopotamia located at the site of modern Tell el-Muqayyar......Abraham was the tenth generation from Noah through Shem and was born 352 years after the Deluge, in 2018 B.C.E."

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John Hopkins.....Northern New Mexico….August 2013

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Purusha, Platonic Solids and Prana

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Purusha (Sanskrit puruṣa, पुरुष "man, cosmic man", in Sutra literature also called puṃs "man") is the "Self" which pervades the universe. The Vedic divinities are interpretations of the many facets of Purusha. According to the Rigvedic Purusha sukta, Purusha was dismembered by the devas—his mind is the Moon, his eyes are the Sun, and his breath is the wind.....In the Rigveda, Purusha is described as a primeval giant that is sacrificed by the gods (see Purushamedha) and from whose body the world and the varnas (classes) are built. He is described as having a thousand heads and a thousand feet. He emanated Viraj, the female creative principle, from which he is reborn in turn after the world was made out of his parts.

Vastu purusha in Keladi Rameswara Temple

Platos establishes that the five elements of the world are earth, air, fire, water and aether (prana)......As Gordon Plummer notes in his book 'The Mathematics of the Cosmic Mind', the Hindu tradition associates the icosahedron with the Purusha. Purusha is the seed image of Brahma, the supreme creator himself, and as such this image is the map or plan of the universe. The Purusha is analogous to the Cosmic Man, the Anthropocosm of the western esoteric tradition. The icosahedron is the obvious choice for this first form, since all the other volumes arise naturally out of it."

"In Euclidean geometry, a Platonic solid is a regular, convex polyhedron with congruent faces of regular polygons and the same number of faces meeting at each vertex. Five solids meet those criteria, and each is named after its number of faces...Geometers have studied the mathematical beauty and symmetry of the Platonic solids for thousands of years. They are named for the ancient Greek philosopher Plato who theorized in his dialogue, the Timaeus, that the classical elements were made of these regular solids.

"The conduit between Purusha and Prakruti is Prana (Life force), the vibratory power that underlies all manifestations. In the Rg Veda, prana stands for the breath of the Cosmic Purusha as well as the breath of life in general. It is through the pulsations of cosmic prana that Consciousness breaks up into the three gunas (universal qualities) of nature....The three gunas are universal qualities that pervade all of creation. Ayurveda refers to the three gunas as Sattva, Rajas and Tamas. Sattva is the quality of light, clear space; Rajas is the quality of movement and atmosphere and Tamas is the quality of solid substance and form. ....http://www.yogatherapy-om.com/ayurveda/samkhya-philosophy.htm

".... the great Athenian philosopher Plato (428/427–348/347 bc), who in his dialogue Timaeus associated them with the four basic elements—fire, air, water, and earth—that he supposed to form all matter through their combinations. Plato assigned the tetrahedron, with its sharp points and edges, to the element fire; the cube, with its four-square regularity, to earth; and the other solids concocted from triangles (the octahedron and the icosahedron) to air and water, respectively. The one remaining regular polyhedra, the dodecahedron, with 12 pentagonal faces, Plato assigned to the heavens with its 12 constellations.".....http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/464212/Platonic-solid

"ANTHROPOCOSM OF THE TREE OF LIFE (KABALLAH): AXIS OF THE WORLD.....anthroposcosmic is defined as of man and nature. This word sound similar to anthropocosmic, which is used in the Kabballah religion. It refers to a cosmic human or true human, when it comes to the tree of life.....The creative process of life begins in the void (ain), or unmanifested consciousness of negative existence, which contains the endlessness of the unknown (ainsoph), which channels limitless light (ainsophaur) through the condensation of the crown (kether) to eventually manifest the physical existence (malcut). Energy descends (divine lightning flash) and ascends [Jacob’s Ladder] the kabballah in a specific path through ten spheres of light, or “brilliances,” (sepherot) (corresponding with the 10 planets of Sumerian cosmology)....When superimposed on the human body, yesod is positioned at the genitals while kether is at the crown."....

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John Hopkins.....Northern New Mexico….August 2013

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Sacred Geometry: Pythagoras (570 BC) & The Kalachakra

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" In sacred geometry, symbolic and sacred meanings are ascribed to certain geometric shapes and certain geometric proportions....In the ancient world certain numbers had symbolic meaning, aside from their ordinary use for counting or calculating; plane figures, the polygons, triangles, squares, hexagons, and so forth, were related to the numbers (three and the triangle, for example), were thought of in a similar way, and in fact, carried even more emotional value than the numbers themselves, because they were visual.....

"Pythagoras was an Ionian Greek philosopher who lived during the time of Buddha, around 570-495 BC. He was born on the island of Samos in the North Agean Sea.....Pythagoras founded Pythagoreanism, a religious movement within which education, science and religion were all perfectly unified. His mystery school, which stood on the southern coast of Italy, was called the Pythagorean Italic School..... his esoteric teachings were kept a profound secret.....The discovery of the Golden Ratio, which appears frequently in geometry, is attributed to Pythagoras. The ‘division of a line into extreme and mean ratio’....

Pythagoras found that if a triangle had a right angle (90°) ...... and you made a square on each of the three sides, then ...... the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together!.....It is called "Pythagoras' Theorem" and can be written in one short equation: a2 + b2 = c2"......http://www.mathsisfun.com/pythagoras.html

"Geometric ratios, and geometric figures were often employed in the design of Egyptian, ancient Indian, Greek and Roman architecture. Medieval European cathedrals also incorporated symbolic geometry. Indian and Himalayan spiritual communities often constructed temples and fortifications on design plans of mandala and yantra. Many of the sacred geometry principles of the human body and of ancient architecture have been compiled into the Vitruvian Man drawing by Leonardo Da Vinci, itself based on the much older writings of the roman architect Vitruvius (c. 80–15 BC) .

"....the shape of the older Dashly 3 building (2300-1700 BCE) ...oasis situated south of the Āmū Daryā (q.v.), on the desert plain of northern Afghanistan, ancient Bactria.... a shape that is fairly unique and a similar shape found in Yantra........The tantric mandala embodies the Yantra as a design of the sanctum at Mr. Meru in Shambhala....." ...http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/balkh/dashly.htm

"....in the Kalachakra mandala (a painting on cloth or sand mandala representing the concentric strata of the palace of the meditational deities at the heart of Mount Meru), the Cosmic (or wind tracks) mandala of interlocking circles which represents the paths of the heavenly bodies...."....http://web.ccsu.edu/astronomy/tibetan_cosmological_models.htm

"At the centre of the land of Tagzig (called Shambhala in the Kalachakra) was Olmo Lungring which had at its centre, Yungdrung Gutsek, a four-sided mountain similar to Mount Meru / Sumeru (see above). The mountain is surrounded by temples, cities and parks. To the mountain's south is the Barpo Sogye palace, where Tonpa Shenrab was born. The complex of palaces, rivers and parks with Mount Yungdrung Gutseg in the centre constitutes the inner region (Nang-gling) of Olmo Lungring. The intermediate region (Bar-gling) consists of twelve cities, four of which lie in the four cardinal directions. The third region includes the outer land (mTha'-gling). These three regions are encircled by snow-capped mountains and an ocean.".....http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/aryans/location.htm

AVESTAN GEOGRAPHY....."The first stumbling-block in the study of Avestan geography is the mixture of mythical and historical elements."......http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avestan-geography

"It was Baudhāyana who discovered the Pythagoras theorem. Baudhāyana listed Pythagoras theorem in his book called Baudhāyana Śulbasûtra (c.800 BC). Incidentally, Baudhāyana Śulbasûtra is also one of the oldest books on advanced Mathematics. The actual shloka (verse) in Baudhāyana Śulbasûtra that describes Pythagoras theorem....Baudhāyana used a rope as an example in the above shloka which can be translated as – A rope stretched along the length of the diagonal produces an area which the vertical and horizontal sides make together."....http://mysteriesexplored.wordpress.com/2011/08/31/baudhayana-pythagoras-theorem-world-guru-of-mathematics-part-8/

"Vitruvius (c. 80–15 BC) is often credited as father of architectural acoustics for describing technique of echeas placement in theaters....Vitruvius worked a basilica completed in 19 BC.It was built at Fanum Fortunae, now the modern town of Fano. The Basilica di Fano has disappeared so completely that its very site is a matter of conjecture, although various attempts have been made to visualise it. The early Christian practice of converting Roman basilica (public buildings) into cathedrals implies the basilica may be incorporated into the cathedral located in Fano.".....http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius

Pythagoras ( c. 570 BC – 495 BC) is often credited for discovering that an oscillating string stopped halfway along its length produces an octave relative to the string's fundamental, while a ratio of 2:3 produces a perfect fifth and 3:4 produces a perfect fourth. However the Chinese culture already featured the same mathematical positions on the Guqin and the tone holes in flutes, so Pythagoras was not the first. Pythagoreans believed that these harmonic ratios gave music powers of healing which could "harmonize" an out-of-balance body.....

"The guqin is a plucked seven-string Chinese musical instrument of the zither family....associated with the ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius. It is sometimes referred to by the Chinese as "the father of Chinese music" or "the instrument of the sages".....http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guqin

"..... the lunar mansions are used in the Kālacakra system as the means of describing longitude. For this purpose the mansions are numbered 0 (Aśvinī) to 26. They are also each subdivided into 60 nāḍī (chu tshod), each of which can be further subdivided into 60 pala (chu srang). Each of these units are further subdivided into six breaths. Further subdivisions are also used, but we can ignore these....This notation is commonly used in western representation of ancient Babylonian mathematics, where the use of base-60, or sexagesimal, arithmetic originated."....http://www.kalacakra.org/calendar/caldesc.htm

"Bonpos cultivate household gods in addition to other deities: Traditionally in Tibet divine presences or deities would be incorporated into the very construction of the house making it in effect a castle (dzongka) against the malevolent forces outside it. The average Tibetan house would have a number of houses or seats (poe-khang) for the male god (pho-lha) that protects the house. Everyday [sic] the man of the house would invoke this god and burn juniper wood and leaves to placate him. In addition the woman of the house would also have a protecting deity (phuk-lha) whose seat could be found within the kitchen usually at the top of the pole that supported the roof."......[http://www.sharpham-trust.org/centre/Tibetan_unit_01.pdf]

"The hogan is a sacred home for the Diné (Navajo) people who practice traditional religion. Every family even if they live most of the time in a newer home -- must have the traditional hogan for ceremonies, and to keep themselves in balance......"......http://navajopeople.org/navajo-hogans.htm

"The Pythagoreans believed that the Universe is composed of four elements – air, fire, water and earth, and that the particles of each of these elements are in the shapes of these four Platonic solids....They also believed that the Earth is surrounded by one solid, which is then surrounded by another solid, and so on....the Earth grid of electro-magnetic lines and vortexes is comprised of smaller grids, each of which is in the shape of a different Platonic solid.....But there is a fifth solid, called the dodecahedron, which has a pentagon on each of its 12 sides. The dodecahedron is by far the most difficult of the solids to construct because the drawing of the pentagon requires an elaborate application of the Theorem of Pythagoras for which he is best known.....But what is most interesting is that the Pythagoreans believed that the element that is in the shape of the dodecahedron is etheric Spirit, the original source of all things that arise in Space and Time. And it is this shape that surrounds Earth and the other four solids combined.".....http://mattovermatter.com/2011/08/pythagoras-sacred-geometry/

"Plasmas, the "4th state of matter", are the dominant form of matter in the universe. As material is heated from solid, to liquid, to gas phase, and then even hotter, it begins to become ionized .... that is, one or more of the electrons on an atom become liberated. A plasma can be described as a collection of ionized particles, which interact collectively by long-range electromagnetic forces associated with their charges and motion.Fortunately for human beings and other living things, plasmas are not routinely encountered on the surface of the Earth."....http://plasma.lanl.gov/

"Pythagoras... the spiritual significance of geometry has been studied for ages, from the ancient Egyptians to the Vedas in early India. These were studied by Pythagoras, who helped immensely in putting sacred geometry "on the map".... Born around 580 BC in Samos, this amazing Greek philosopher, mathematician, and spiritual leader formulated principles that influenced the thought of Plato and Aristotle and contributed to the development of mathematics and Western rational philosophy. He founded the Pythagorean brotherhood in Cortona, a mystical school.....He and many of his followers were eventually killed, and his teachings largely destroyed...."...Robert Lawlor, Sacred Geometry: Philosophy and Practice (Thames and Hudson, London, 1982).

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John Hopkins.....Northern New Mexico….August 2013

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Mt Meru, Mt Harā, Yungdrung Gutsek & The Pamirs

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Mount Meru (Sanskrit: मेरु), also called Sumeru (Sanskrit) or Sineru (Pāli) or Kangrinboqe to which is added the approbatory prefix su-, resulting in the meaning "excellent Meru" or "wonderful Meru" and Mahameru i.e. "Great Meru" (Chinese: 須彌山, Japanese: 須弥山 Shumi-sen, Pāli Neru), is a sacred mountain in Hindu, Jain as well as Buddhist cosmology and is considered to be the center of all the physical, metaphysical and spiritual universes.

Click on the map to enlarge

"....in the Kalachakra mandala (a painting on cloth or sand mandala representing the concentric strata of the palace of the meditational deities at the heart of Mount Meru), the Cosmic (or wind tracks) mandala of interlocking circles which represents the paths of the heavenly bodies, and the mandala offering, a mudra made with two hands which represents Mount Meru and the four main continents.....Mount Meru is lapis-blue on our side, which explains why it cannot be seen, but instead blends in with the sky's color....."....http://web.ccsu.edu/astronomy/tibetan_cosmological_models.htm

"At the centre of the land of Tagzig (called Shambhala in the Kalachakra) was Olmo Lungring which had at its centre, Yungdrung Gutsek, a four-sided mountain similar to Mount Meru / Sumeru (see above). The mountain is surrounded by temples, cities and parks. To the mountain's south is the Barpo Sogye palace, where Tonpa Shenrab was born. The complex of palaces, rivers and parks with Mount Yungdrung Gutseg in the centre constitutes the inner region (Nang-gling) of Olmo Lungring. The intermediate region (Bar-gling) consists of twelve cities, four of which lie in the four cardinal directions. The third region includes the outer land (mTha'-gling). These three regions are encircled by snow-capped mountains and an ocean.".....http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/aryans/location.htm

"The Pamir's deposits of precious stones and metals that correspond to those described as being contained in Mount Meru, the mountain that stood at the centre of the world, in the Hindu scripture, the Vedas. Mount Meru is the equivalent of the Mount Hara Berezaiti, Airyana Vaeja's central mountain mentioned Zoroastrian scriptures, the Avesta. In the Vedas, Mount Meru is described as a four sided mountain where the four sides are made from four different precious substances: the south of lapis-lazuli, the west of ruby, the north of gold and the east of silver (or crystal). The mountains in the south of the Pamir region do indeed contain the only lapis lazuli mines known in antiquity. ....".....http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/tajikistan/page3.htm

Some researchers have identified Mount Meru or Sumeru with the Pamirs, southeast of Bactra.....The Pamir Mountains are a mountain range in Central Asia formed by the junction or knot of the Himalayas, Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, and Hindu Kush ranges....Pamir Mountains (ancient Mount Imeon) is considered by some as the Wakhan source of the Oxus River. (Medieval Arabic and Muslim sources call the Oxus river Jayhoun (جيحون) which is derived from Gihon, the biblical name for one of the four rivers of the Garden of Eden.).....

AVESTAN GEOGRAPHY....."The first stumbling-block in the study of Avestan geography is the mixture of mythical and historical elements..... It is impossible to attribute a precise geographical location to the language of the Avesta. The Avestan texts, however, provide some useful pointers, while their comparison with Old Persian inscriptions offer further evidence: Geographical references in the Avesta are limited to the regions on the eastern Iranian plateau and on the Indo-Iranian border. Moreover, the Old Persian inscriptions are written in a language different from that of the Avesta."......http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avestan-geography

Description of Mount Meru in the Devi-bhagavata-purana....."Besides Meru are situated, O lord, these four islands, viz., Bhadraswa, and Ketumala, and Jamvudwipa otherwise called Bharata, and Uttar-Kuru which is the abode of persons who have achieved the merit of righteousness. The bird Sumukha, the son of Suparna, beholding that all the birds on Meru were of golden plumage, reflected that he should leave that mountain inasmuch as there was no difference between the good, middling, and bad birds. The foremost of luminaries, the sun, always circumambulates Meru, as also the moon with (his) attendant constellation, and the Wind-god too. The mountain, O king, is endued with celestial fruits and flowers, and it is covered all over with mansions made of furnished gold. There, on that mountain, O king, the celestials, the Gandharvas, the Asuras, and the Rakshasas, accompanied by the tribes of Apsaras, always sport. There Brahman, and Rudra, and also Sakra the chief of the celestials, assembled together, performed diverse kinds of sacrifices with plentiful gifts. Tumvuru, and Narada and Viswavasu, and the Hahas and the Huhus, repairing thither, adored the foremost of the celestials with diverse hymns. The high-souled seven Rishis, and Kasyapa the lord of creatures, repair thither, blessed be thou, on every parva day. 1 Upon the summit of that mountain, Usanas, otherwise called the Poet, sporteth with the Daityas (his disciples)."....http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06006.htm

".....historical elements were superimposed on a body of myths. It was common among the Indo-Iranians to identify concepts or features of traditional cosmography—mountains, lakes, rivers, etc.—with their concrete historical and geographical situation as they migrated and settled in various places....http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avestan-geography

" the Avesta or, indeed, the whole body of Zoroastrian writings, including the Pahlavi literature of the ninth century, reveals a number of common features: the concept of Mount Harā, or Haraitī, barəz/bərəz or bərə-zaitī “high” (cf. W. Eilers, Geographische Namengebung in und um Iran, Munich, 1982, p. 42), and that of Mount Meru, or Sumeru, in Brahmanical, Buddhist, and Jainist cosmography..."......http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avestan-geography

'....Zoroastrianism superimposed the concept of Airyana Vaēǰah onto the traditional one of a center of the world where the Peak of Harā rises (see above). The fact that Airyana Vaēǰah is situated in a mountainous region explains its severe climate (Vd. 1.2.3) better than does its supposed location in Chorasmia (Markwart, Ērānšahr, p. 155). This is not surprising if we consider the analogy between the Iranian concept of the peak of Harā with the Indian one of Mount Meru or Sumeru. The Manicheans identified Aryān-waižan with the region at the foot of Mount Sumeru that Wištāsp reigned over (W. B. Henning, “The Book of the Giants,” BSOAS 11, 1943, pp. 68f.), and the Khotanese texts record the identification of Mount Sumeru in Buddhist mythology with the Peak of Harā (ttaira haraysä) in the Avestan tradition (H. W. Bailey, Indo-Scythian Studies. Khotanese Texts IV, Cambridge, 1961, p. 12; idem, Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, 1979, p. 467). ".....http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avestan-geography

"Mary Boyce informs us that when the Khotanese Saka became Buddhists, they referred to Mt. Sumeru of Buddhist legends as Ttaira Haraysa, the peak of Hara. Mt. Sumeru in Buddhist mythology lies at the centre of the earth and according to Anklesaria's translation of GB 5B.1, "Mount Tera is in the middle of the earth."......The Greater Bundahishn translated by B. T. Anklesaria

"...Mount Meru / Sumeru......The Hindu scriptures, the Vedas, refer to the Mount Hara as Mount Meru or Sumeru (the Great Meru), and describe the Himalayas as stemming from Mount Meru which itself stands at the centre of the known world. The Vedas also refer to Arya Varta as Paradesha, the original country. In the Vedas, Bharatavarsha, Ancient India, lay to the south of the Himalayas. "......http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/aryans/location.htm

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Email....okarresearch@gmail.com

John Hopkins.....Northern New Mexico….August 2013

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Baudhayana Srauta Sutra & The Indo Aryan Migration (800 BC)

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"Is There Vedic Evidence for the migration of Indo-Aryan speakers from Afghanistan into India?....A recent translation of this legend has given rise to a heated controversy. As some recent Indian right wing politicians and writers deny any immigration into the Panjab from Central Asia of Vedic peoples into South Asia; they also argue against Vedic passages that point to immigration."....http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudhayana_Shrauta_Sutra#cite_note-14

The Indo Aryan Migration...."there is the following direct statement contained in....the Baudhāyana Śrauta Sūtra.... "Ayu went eastwards. His (people) are the Kuru Panchala and the Kasi-Videha. This is the Ayava (migration). (His other people) stayed at home. His people are the Gandhari, Parsu and Aratta. This is the Amavasava (group)" (M. Witzel. The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools:)......

Click on the map to enlarge.....http://tattvaanveshanam.wordpress.com

"Baudhāyana, (c. 800 BC) was the author of the Baudhayana sūtras, which cover dharma, daily ritual, Vedic sacrifices, etc. He belongs to the Yajurveda school, and is older than the other sūtra author Āpastambha.....

"The Baudhayana Shrauta Sutra is a Late Vedic text dealing with the solemn rituals of the Taittiriya school of the Black Yajurveda that was composed in eastern Uttar Pradesh during the late Brahmana period....is most important in that it clearly shows the first steps taken by late Vedic ritualists towards the Sutra style, with ever increasing degree of conciseness, culminating in the minimal style of the Katyayana Srautasutra and the short formulas of Pāṇini."....Fushimi, Makoto. Baudhayana Srautasutra: Development of the Ritual Text in Ancient India. PhD thesis, Harvard University 2007

"According to Vadhula Anvakhyana 1.1.1, yajna rituals were not performed properly before the attainment of the Gandharva fire and the birth of Ayu who ensures the continuation of the human lineage that continues down to the Kuru kings, and beyond.....

"... yajña (Sanskrit: यज्ञ; IAST: yajña, also transliterated yagya or yadnya) or yagam (Tamil: யாகம்), is a ritual of offerings accompanied by chanting of Vedic mantras (also "worship, prayer, praise, offering and oblation, sacrifice" according to Monier-Williams) derived from the practice in Vedic times. Yajna is an ancient ritual of offering and sublimating the havana sámagri (herbal preparations) in the fire. The sublime meaning of the word yajna is derived from the Sanskrit verb yaj, which has a three-fold meaning of worship of deities (devapujana), unity (saògatikaraña) and charity (dána). An essential element is the ritual fire – the divine Agni – into which oblations are poured, as everything that is offered into the fire is believed to reach God. The term yajna is linguistically (but not functionally) cognate with Zoroastrian (Ahura) Yasna. Unlike Vedic Yajna, Zoroastrian Yasna has "to do with water rather than fire".(Drower, 1944:78; Boyce, 1975:147-191)"....http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajna#cite_ref-1

".....The Kurus figure prominently in the Rigveda. The Kurus here appear as a branch of the early Indo-Aryans, ruling the Ganga-Jamuna Doab and modern Haryana (earlier Eastern Punjab)......Kurukshetra was a plain-land south of the Saraswati and north of the Drishadwati (3,83). Many battles during the epic-age were fought there. The encounter of Gandharva king and Kuru king Chitrangada, the encounter between Bhishma and Bhargava Rama, and the Kurukshetra War, occurred there. It was also known as Brahmakshetra, due to its religious significance....".....http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuru_kingdom_(Mahabharata)

"Indo-Aryan Migration Controversy......"A recent translation of this legend has given rise to a heated controversy. As some recent Indian right wing politicians and writers deny any immigration into the Panjab from Central Asia of (Rg)vedic tribes into South Asia they also argue against Vedic passages that point to immigration. Such passages are difficult, though not impossible to detect. However, a few recent Indologists and other writers have noted that "there is no textual evidence in the early literary traditions unambiguously showing a trace of" an Indo-Aryan migration. A translation by M. Witzel (1989) of one passage of the BSS has been invoked as evidence in favor of the Aryan Migration and therefore became the object of much controversy: Then, there is the following direct statement contained in (the admittedly much later) BSS (=Baudhāyana Śrauta Sūtra) 18.44:397.9 sqq which has once again been overlooked, not having been translated yet: "Ayu went eastwards. His (people) are the Kuru Panchala and the Kasi-Videha. This is the Ayava (migration). (His other people) stayed at home. His people are the Gandhari, Parsu and Aratta. This is the Amavasava (group)" (M. Witzel. The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools:)......Based on Witzel's article, historians like Romila Thapar state that this passage contained literary evidence for Aryan migration. The historian Ram Sharan Sharma argued that this passage is "the most explicit statement of immigration into the Subcontinent." ......http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudhayana_Shrauta_Sutra#cite_ref-6

"Vivāha (Sanskrit) or Vivaah (Hindi: विवाह) is a word used to describe a marriage as per Vedic traditions...Five Veda mantras are recited to sanctify the bride in preparation for the subsequent stages of the marriage. This aspect of the marriage is known as mangala snanam. The sun god (Surya), water god (Varuna), and other gods are invoked to purify the bride in preparation for a harmonious married life. Next, the bride wears the marriage clothes to the accompaniment of additional Veda mantras. The bridegroom then ties a darbha rope around the waist of the bride and leads her to the place, where the sacred fire is located for conducting the rest of the marriage ceremony. The bride and the groom sit on a new mat in front of the fire. The groom recites three mantras which invoke Soma, Gandharva and Agni to confer strength, beauty, and youth on the bride...".....http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivaah

"The Kalpa-sūtras, or rules of ceremonial, are of two kinds: the Śrautasūtras, which are based on the shruti, and teach the performance of the great sacrifices, requiring three or five sacrificial fires....The Śrautasutras (śrautasūtra) form a part of the corpus of Sanskrit Sutra literature. Their topics include instructions relating to the use of the shruti corpus in ritual ('kalpa') and the correct performance of rituals as such.....

"It was Baudhāyana who discovered the Pythagoras theorem. Baudhāyana listed Pythagoras theorem in his book called Baudhāyana Śulbasûtra (800 BCE). Incidentally, Baudhāyana Śulbasûtra is also one of the oldest books on advanced Mathematics. The actual shloka (verse) in Baudhāyana Śulbasûtra that describes Pythagoras theorem....Baudhāyana used a rope as an example in the above shloka which can be translated as – A rope stretched along the length of the diagonal produces an area which the vertical and horizontal sides make together."....http://mysteriesexplored.wordpress.com/2011/08/31/baudhayana-pythagoras-theorem-world-guru-of-mathematics-part-8/

Criticisms of Witzel’s Translation of Baudhayana Srautasutra.....http://www.asthabharati.org/Dia_July06/vish.htm

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John Hopkins.....Northern New Mexico….August 2013

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