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"....the khvarnah of the fravashis......A fravashi (Avestan fravaši; Middle Persian fravard, fravahr, fravash, fravaksh) is the guardian spirit mentioned in the Avesta of an individual, who sends out the 'urvan' into the material world ....On the morning of the fourth day after death, the urvan returns to its fravashi, where its experiences in the material world are collected.....
Stone carved Faravahar in Persepolis......the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire (ca. 550–330 BC).
FRAVASHIS...."In the Persian tradition, fravashis were powerful supernatural beings able to protect their descendants if duly worshipped. Yast 13." (Boyce: 1984...pg 10)
"The belief in a double of the living and dead, animate or inanimate things, which influences the persons involved....The fravashis are a class of higher intelligences playing a prominent part in the world of humanity. (fravashi or fravarti:the Persian King Phraortes in 647 BC). The last ten days of the year are especially set aside for their cult. The 19th day is consecrated to their memory and the first month of the Iranian calendar receives its name after them. The Fravashis resemble the Vedic Pitrs, the Roman Manes, of the Platonic Ideas. The Fravashis constitute the internal essence of things, as opposed to the contingent and accidental. They are not mere abstractions of thought but have objective existence and work as spiritual entities. They are immanent in the particular bodies that come into this world after their divine images.Every object which has a name is endowed with a Fravashi. Some Fravashi are wise, beautiful, courageous, efficacious, etc. From the greatest god down to the tiniest shrub, every object has this divine element implanted in it. During the lifetime of every individual, his Fravashi accompanies him to earth...they render great help to those who invoke them...They rush down in the thick of battle to crush the foes...They are eager to communicate with the living...loving when propitiated, dreadful when offended...(Dhalla: 1963..pg 234)...
FRAVASHIS...."A class of higher intelligences...guardian spirits and prototypes of mankind in its purest creation. The Persian name of the Median King Phraortes (647 BC), and also the Median rebel mentioned in the Behistan inscription to Darius is derived from the word fravashi or fravarti. One of the longest of the Yashts is dedicated to the fravashi. The nineteenth day of every month is consecrated to them. They resemble the Vedic Pitrs, the Roman Manes, or the Platonic Ideas, though they are wholly the same. The multifarious objects of this world are so many terrestial duplicates of these celestial originals. They are the manifestations of energy...They are eager to communicate with the living and seek their invocation...They bless those who make offerings and become dreadful to those who offend them....they come down to the rituals on the days consecrated to them...They are not all of equal rank..." (Dhalla: 1963..pg 233+)
FRAVASHIS ......"A class of higher intelligence that are ancient Persian guardian warrior spirits. The 19th day of every month is consecrated to them. King Phraortes' (647 BC) Persian name is derived from the term."(Dhalla:1963..pg 235)..... "Hence Finite Time and Finite Space control man's destiny from the cradle to the grave. Yet the whole of the macrocosm is kept in being by the Fravashis (Dralas ??), the spiritual powers that are indissolubly linked with each human being and with humanity as a whole. Finite time-space, then, is not a kenoma, an empty nothingness, but a pleroma, a 'full' and vital organism...."...(Zaehner..1961..pg 150)...
Beeks shows h>x type progressions as early as Gathic as in GAv. hwar/xwar "sun," and velar fricatives do appear in Young Avestan....http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Avesta/a07_lesson4.pdf
"...hvarena - "glory" or "divine lustre" - which marked the Persian kings, may have been imported with Mithraism. .......The Great King of Persia is often said to have been surrounded by a radiant nimbus of kingly glory, the Hvarena (also rendered Khvarnah or farnah).....Azi- Dahaka wanted to rob the light of the hvarena (heaven).....From Persia came the doctrine of the halo of the divine king (hvarena) ......Boyce, Mary (2001), "Fravaši", Encyclopedia Iranica 10
"....from Persepolis and Susa. By the time Darius decides to erect palaces there, he is in full control of his empire, and .....was to acknowledge the importance of the khvarnah, this auspicious fortune that Iranians have always considered as a necessary attribute of kingship. According to an ancient myth, the legendary king Jamshid (Yima)lost his kingship when he lost the khvarnah, and thereafter every Iranian king strove to show that he had become the recipient of the khvarnah and hadn’t lost it. For his palaces therefore, Darius chose a winged-sphere as the symbol of the khvarnah, and placed a sphinx on each side as its guardians."....http://www.soudavar.com
dGra ...dgra: enemy, foe, adversary, opponent...."He is the drala (dgra bla) who extended the power of Shang Shung"..(Mipham text in Norbu: 1995, pg 58)...dgra lha: "foe-god" (Hoffman: 1975..pg 97)... dgra lha: protective warrior god..(Lopez: 1997..pg 4)...dgra-lha (enemy god): "the enemy who prevents man from being potent" [Paul:1982].... dgra-lha (warrior gods) [Stein:1972].... dgra-lha (enemy god): King Gesar is called "the King Gesar, the dgra lha of Zhang Zhung." [Nebesky:1956..pg 318]....dgra lha (war gods) [Kornman:1997]....drala (dgra bla) literally "above the enemy" Beyond aggression. Divine principle that protect against attack or enemies. [Nalanda Translation Committee:1997]...dgra dul: to vanquish the opponents, enemies...dgra lha: war god, deity of war....dgra bla: warrior spirit...norbu dgra'dul: Gesar......Zhang Zhung Gi Dgra Lha: war goddess of Shangshung. "Great Glacier Lady of Invincible Turquois Mist"...
Email....okarresearch@gmail.com
John Hopkins.....Northern New Mexico….July 2013
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